Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. Occurring in chloroplasts, it consists of light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. This process produces oxygen as a byproduct and is essential for life on Earth.
Occur in thylakoid membranes. Light energy splits water molecules (photolysis), releasing oxygen and generating ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
Occurs in the stroma. Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix CO₂ into glucose through carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration phases.
The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, reflecting green light.
Enzyme that uses the proton gradient across thylakoid membranes to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Carbon dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen
Optimizing light, CO₂, and water for crop yield in greenhouses.
Understanding carbon fixation helps model carbon cycles and climate solutions.
Algae and plant-based biofuel production relies on photosynthetic efficiency.
Artificial photosynthesis for oxygen and food production in space habitats.